Desert Landmarks

#3 – Kelso Depot

Kelso Depot, also known as the Kelso Depot Visitor Center, is a historic railroad station in the Mojave Desert within the Mojave National Preserve in California. It serves as a significant historical landmark, offering insights into the region’s railroad history and the broader story of the American West.

History and Significance

Construction and Early Years

The Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, later absorbed by the Union Pacific Railroad, constructed Kelso Depot in 1923. The depot was strategically located at Kelso, a small community that sprang up primarily to serve the railroad and the nearby mining operations. The location was chosen because it provided a crucial water stop for steam locomotives and a place to house “helper” engines needed to assist trains over the steep grades of Cima Hill.

Architectural Style

The depot was built in the Spanish Mission Revival style, popular in the southwestern United States during the early 20th century. The building features stucco walls, a red tile roof, and a distinctive colonnade, reflecting the architectural trends of the time. The depot included passenger waiting rooms, a telegraph office, and a restaurant known as the “Beanery,” which served meals to passengers and railroad employees.

Role During the Boom Years

Kelso Depot played a vital role during the peak years of rail traffic. It was a bustling hub for both freight and passenger services. The surrounding area saw significant economic activity due to nearby borax and iron ore mining operations. The depot was an essential stop on the Los Angeles to Salt Lake City route, facilitating the transport of goods and passengers across the desert.

Decline and Abandonment

The need for water stops and helper engines diminished with the advent of diesel locomotives in the mid-20th century. As a result, the importance of Kelso Depot declined. Passenger service was discontinued in 1964, and the depot eventually closed in 1985. The building fell into disrepair and was at risk of demolition.

Preservation and Restoration

Inclusion in Mojave National Preserve

In 1994, the Mojave National Preserve was established, and efforts began to preserve the historical and cultural resources within the area. Recognizing the historical significance of Kelso Depot, the National Park Service (NPS) took on the task of restoring the building.

Restoration Efforts

The restoration of Kelso Depot was a major undertaking by the NPS. The project aimed to return the building to its former glory and adapt it as a visitor center and museum. The restoration preserved many of the depot’s original architectural features while making necessary updates to meet modern safety and accessibility standards.

Kelso Depot Visitor Center

Exhibits and Interpretation

Today, Kelso Depot serves as the primary visitor center for the Mojave National Preserve. It houses a variety of exhibits that explore the natural and cultural history of the Mojave Desert. Displays cover topics such as the geology, flora, and fauna of the region, as well as the history of mining, railroads, and early settlers.

Visitor Amenities

The visitor center offers a range of amenities for park visitors. These include an information desk, interpretive displays, a small bookstore, and public restrooms. The restored “Beanery” provides a glimpse into the dining experiences of early 20th-century railroad travelers.

Educational Programs and Events

Kelso Depot also hosts educational programs and special events throughout the year. Ranger-led tours, interpretive talks, and community events help to engage visitors and deepen their understanding of the Mojave National Preserve’s rich history and natural beauty.

Conclusion

Kelso Depot is a testament to the railroad’s transformative impact on the American West. Its preservation and restoration provide a valuable link to the past, allowing visitors to step back and appreciate the challenges and triumphs of those who lived and worked in the Mojave Desert. Through its exhibits, programs, and architectural beauty, Kelso Depot continues to educate and inspire new generations about the unique history of this remarkable region.

#10 – Calico Ghost Town: A Historical Adventure

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Calico Ghost Town is a fascinating destination that offers a glimpse into the past, specifically the boom-and-bust era of the American West. Here’s a detailed look at what makes Calico Ghost Town a popular attraction:

History of Calico Ghost Town

Founding and Boom Era: Calico was founded in 1881 during the California silver rush. At its peak, the town boasted over 500 mines and produced millions of dollars worth of silver ore.
Decline: By the mid-1890s, silver prices had plummeted, leading to the decline of mining activities. Calico was largely abandoned by the early 20th century, becoming a true ghost town.

Attractions and Activities

Mine Tours:
- Maggie Mine: This is one of the few mines in Calico that is safe for tourists to enter. Visitors can take a self-guided tour to learn about the mining techniques and see the remnants of the silver extraction process.
- Calico Odessa Railroad: A narrow-gauge train ride that offers a scenic tour of the town and the surrounding mining areas, providing insights into the town’s mining history.
Historical Buildings:
- Lane’s General Store: Restored to its 1880s appearance, this general store offers a variety of souvenirs and historical artifacts.
- Schoolhouse: A replica of the original schoolhouse where children of miners once studied. It now serves as a museum displaying educational artifacts from the era.
- Lil’s Saloon: A typical Old West saloon where visitors can enjoy refreshments and imagine the lively atmosphere of Calico during its heyday.
Living History and Reenactments:
- Gunfight Shows: Regularly scheduled reenactments of gunfights and skirmishes typical of the Wild West, performed by actors in period costumes.
- Ghost Tours: Evening tours that delve into the spookier side of Calico’s history, sharing ghost stories and legends associated with the town.
Shops and Craft Demonstrations:
- Blacksmith Shop: Demonstrations of traditional blacksmithing techniques, with the opportunity to purchase handmade metal items.
- Pottery and Leather Shops: Artisans demonstrate their crafts, offering unique, handmade goods for sale.
Special Events:
- Calico Days: An annual festival celebrating the town’s history with parades, live music, and old-fashioned games.
- Ghost Haunt: A Halloween-themed event featuring haunted attractions and spooky activities for all ages.

Natural Surroundings

Hiking Trails: Various trails around Calico offer hiking opportunities with views of the desert landscape and remnants of old mining operations.
Desert Flora and Fauna: The area is home to unique desert plants and wildlife, complementing the historical attractions.

Visitor Information

Accessibility: Calico Ghost Town is easily accessible from major highways and offers ample parking for visitors.
Facilities: The site includes picnic areas, restrooms, and camping facilities for those wishing to extend their visit.

Significance

Educational Value: Calico Ghost Town serves as an important educational resource, teaching visitors about the history of mining, the lifestyle of early settlers, and the economic forces that shaped the American West.
Preservation: The town has been designated a California Historical Landmark and is maintained by the San Bernardino County Regional Parks system, ensuring its preservation for future generations.

Calico Ghost Town offers a unique blend of history, entertainment, and education, making it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the rich heritage of the Mojave Desert and the American West.

Covered Wagon (prairie schooner)

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Covered wagons significantly impacted the United States’ westward expansion during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wagons, often called “prairie schooners,” were designed to transport goods and settlers across the North American continent.

Family & covered wagon (prairie schooner)

Key features and uses of covered wagons included:

Design: Covered wagons typically had a wooden frame with a canvas cover. This cover protected the contents from weather elements like rain and sun. The wagon bed was usually made of wood and was about four feet wide by ten feet long.
Cover: The cover was made of canvas or similar durable cloth, stretched over hooped frames, providing shelter and goods for the occupants.
Wheels: The wheels were often large and designed to handle rough terrain. The front wheels were usually smaller than the rear wheels, allowing easier turning.
Draft Animals: Oxen, mules, or horses were commonly used to pull these wagons. Oxen were preferred for their strength and endurance, especially over long distances.
Role in Expansion: Covered wagons were essential for westward migration in the U.S. They carried settlers’ belongings, including tools, food, and sometimes even passengers. These wagons were a vital part of the movement to settle the American West and were commonly seen on trails like the Oregon Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, and the California Trail.
Living Quarters: The covered wagon was a temporary home for many settlers traveling west. Families would cook, eat, sleep, and spend much of their time in or around the wagon during their journey.
Historical Significance: The image of a covered wagon crossing the plains has become an iconic symbol of American frontier life, representing the pioneer spirit, exploration, and the challenges of frontier life.

The use of covered wagons declined with the advent of railroads, which offered a faster and more efficient means of transporting goods and people across the country. However, their legacy remains an integral part of American history and folklore.

Mojave Desert Human (Historical) Geography

Mojave Desert Geography

A long interaction history between people and the challenging desert environment marks the human (historical) geography of the Mojave Desert. Here are key aspects of the human history and settlement patterns in the Mojave Desert:

Indigenous Peoples:
- Before European contact, various indigenous groups inhabited the Mojave Desert, including the Mojave, Chemehuevi, and Serrano peoples.
- These groups adapted to the arid environment, relying on hunting, gathering, and seasonal migrations to exploit available resources.
Spanish Exploration and Missionaries:
- Spanish explorers and missionaries, including Francisco Garces and Juan Bautista de Anza, ventured into the Mojave Desert in the 18th century.
- These explorers sought routes to link Spanish missions in California and establish trade connections.
Old Spanish Trail:
- The Old Spanish Trail, a trade route connecting Santa Fe, New Mexico, to California, passed through the Mojave Desert in the early 19th century.
- This trail facilitated the exchange of goods and cultural interactions between Spanish settlers and indigenous groups.
American Pioneers and Westward Expansion:
- During the 19th century, American pioneers and settlers ventured into the Mojave Desert as part of westward expansion.
- The discovery of gold and other minerals in the region, such as the Calico Mountains, led to mining booms and the establishment of mining towns.
19th Century Military:
Railroads and Transportation:
- The construction of railroads, such as the Southern Pacific Railroad, was crucial in connecting the Mojave Desert to the broader transportation network.
- Railroad towns, including Barstow, developed as important transportation hubs.
Mining and Boomtowns:
- Mining activities, particularly for silver and borax, flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Boomtowns like Calico, once a significant silver mining town, experienced periods of rapid growth and decline.
Military Presence:
- The Mojave Desert has been home to various military installations, including Edwards Air Force Base and the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake.
- These installations have played roles in aviation testing, research, and training.
Route 66:
- The historic Route 66, a major U.S. highway, passed through the Mojave Desert during the mid-20th century, bringing increased traffic, commerce, and tourism to the region.
National Parks and Conservation Efforts:
- Establishing national parks and preserves, such as Joshua Tree National Park and the Mojave National Preserve, reflects efforts to conserve the desert’s unique ecosystems and landscapes.
Modern Urbanization and Recreation:
- Urban areas on the periphery of the Mojave Desert, such as Las Vegas, have experienced rapid growth.
- The desert attracts tourists and outdoor enthusiasts interested in hiking, rock climbing, and stargazing.

Understanding the human history of the Mojave Desert involves recognizing the diverse ways different groups have interacted with the desert environment over time, from indigenous peoples adapting to the harsh conditions to the various waves of exploration, settlement, and economic activities that have shaped the region.

Ghost Towns & Sites in the Mojave Desert

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The Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States is home to several ghost towns and abandoned sites that reflect the region’s history of mining, ranching, and other activities.

Here are some notable examples:

Calico Ghost Town:
- Located near Barstow, California, Calico is one of the most famous ghost towns in the Mojave Desert. It was a silver mining town in the 1880s and 1890s. Today, Calico is a county park and tourist attraction with preserved buildings and mining equipment.
Rhyolite:
- Near Death Valley in Nevada, Rhyolite was a bustling gold mining town in the early 20th century. It had a population of several thousand people at its peak. The town had schools, banks, and even an opera house. However, it declined rapidly, and now visitors can explore the ruins of its former glory.
Ballarat:
- In California near the Panamint Mountains, Ballarat was a supply town for the nearby mines in the early 20th century. It is known for its association with the infamous outlaw Charles Manson, who briefly stayed in the area.
Bodie:
- Although technically not in the Mojave Desert (in the Eastern Sierra region), Bodie is worth mentioning. This well-preserved ghost town was a gold mining boomtown in the late 19th century. It’s now a state park; visitors can explore the abandoned buildings and artifacts.
Panamint City:
- Nestled in the Panamint Range of California, Panamint City was a silver mining town that thrived in the late 19th century. The town’s remote location contributed to its decline and was abandoned by the early 20th century. The site is accessible by hiking, and some structures remain.
Cima:
- Cima is a small ghost town in the Mojave National Preserve in California. It was a mining and railroad town in the early 20th century. While most of the buildings are gone, the area still has some remnants of its past.
Ivanpah:
- Ivanpah, located in California, was a mining town that saw activity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, only a few structures remain, including stamp mill ruins.

Building in Cima ghost town in Mojave Preserve — Cima Ghost Town

Exploring these ghost towns and abandoned sites provides a fascinating glimpse into the history of the Mojave Desert and the people who once inhabited these remote areas. Keep in mind that some of these sites may be on private land or protected areas, so it’s essential to respect any restrictions and regulations in place.