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Ashford Mill

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Ashford Mill in Death Valley, located in California, has a fascinating history that dates back to the early 20th century. It was named after the Ashford brothers, who were prospectors in the area.

Ashford Mill – Death Valley National Park
  1. Discovery of Gold: The story of Ashford Mill begins with the discovery of gold in the Black Mountains of Death Valley. In 1907, two brothers, Harold and Erwin Ashford, staked claims in a canyon known as Golden Canyon.
  2. Operation of the Mill: The Ashford brothers lacked the experience and resources to develop the mine, so they leased it to a businessman, B.W. McCausland. McCausland recognized the need for a mill to process ore and built the Ashford Mill in 1914. The mill was constructed to process gold ore from the Golden Treasure Mine, located about five miles away in the Black Mountains.
  3. Technological Features: The mill was a typical representation of the ore-processing technology of its time. It included structures for crushing, mixing with chemicals, and separating gold from the ore.
  4. Short-Lived Success: Despite the investment in the mill and the initial enthusiasm, the operation was short-lived. The ore from the Golden Treasure Mine was of lower quality than expected, making the operation unprofitable.
  5. Abandonment: By 1915, just a year after its construction, the mill was abandoned as the dreams of profitable gold mining faded. The harsh conditions of Death Valley and the lack of substantial gold findings made it impractical to continue.
  6. Today: The ruins of Ashford Mill stand as a reminder of the brief gold rush in Death Valley. The site is preserved within Death Valley National Park. Visitors can see the remnants of the mill’s foundation and some of the walls, offering a glimpse into the early mining history of the region.

The history of Ashford Mill is a typical example of the boom-and-bust cycle that characterized many mining ventures in the American West during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It reflects the optimism, hardships, and eventual disappointment those seeking fortune face in this harsh and unforgiving landscape.

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Ghost Stories & Legends

With its vast and rugged landscape, the Mojave Desert is steeped in legends and ghost stories passed down through generations. Here are some of the most famous ones:

  1. The Lost Ship of the Desert: One of the most enduring legends is that of a Spanish galleon laden with pearls and gold, which is said to have been stranded in the desert centuries ago. Over the years, many have searched for this lost ship, but it remains a tantalizing mystery, possibly just a mirage or a tale spun from the heat and isolation of the desert.
  2. The Ghosts of Calico: Once a thriving silver mining town, Calico is now a ghost town and tourist attraction. Visitors and employees have reported numerous ghost sightings, including that of a playful little girl, miners still panning for silver, and mysterious floating orbs.
  3. The Yucca Man: Similar to Bigfoot, the Yucca Man is a legendary creature said to roam the Mojave. Described as very tall and covered in hair, campers and hikers have reported this elusive being, though evidence of its existence is purely anecdotal.
  4. The Haunted Joshua Tree: The Joshua Tree National Park, part of the Mojave Desert, is home to many myths. One such story involves a specific Joshua tree said to be haunted by the spirit of a man who was hanged from its branches. Some claim to have seen his ghost wandering near the tree at night.
  5. The Cursed Gold of Pegleg Smith: This legend revolves around Thomas “Pegleg” Smith, a mountain man who allegedly discovered a huge black-coated gold nugget in the Mojave. He never found it again, and many treasure hunters have tried and failed to locate Pegleg’s lost gold, leading to speculations of a curse.
  6. The Char Man of San Bernardino: A lesser-known but chilling tale is that of the Char Man, a ghostly figure said to have been a fire victim. He is reputed to haunt the outskirts of San Bernardino, frightening unwary travelers with his burned and disfigured appearance.

These stories, whether based on fact or fiction, add a rich layer of mystery and intrigue to the Mojave Desert. They reflect the human fascination with the unknown and the allure of a beautiful and forbidding landscape.

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Covered Wagon (prairie schooner)

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Covered wagons significantly impacted the United States’ westward expansion during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wagons, often called “prairie schooners,” were designed to transport goods and settlers across the North American continent.

Family & covered wagon (prairie schooner)

Key features and uses of covered wagons included:

  1. Design: Covered wagons typically had a wooden frame with a canvas cover. This cover protected the contents from weather elements like rain and sun. The wagon bed was usually made of wood and was about four feet wide by ten feet long.
  2. Cover: The cover was made of canvas or similar durable cloth, stretched over hooped frames, providing shelter and goods for the occupants.
  3. Wheels: The wheels were often large and designed to handle rough terrain. The front wheels were usually smaller than the rear wheels, allowing easier turning.
  4. Draft Animals: Oxen, mules, or horses were commonly used to pull these wagons. Oxen were preferred for their strength and endurance, especially over long distances.
  5. Role in Expansion: Covered wagons were essential for westward migration in the U.S. They carried settlers’ belongings, including tools, food, and sometimes even passengers. These wagons were a vital part of the movement to settle the American West and were commonly seen on trails like the Oregon Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, and the California Trail.
  6. Living Quarters: The covered wagon was a temporary home for many settlers traveling west. Families would cook, eat, sleep, and spend much of their time in or around the wagon during their journey.
  7. Historical Significance: The image of a covered wagon crossing the plains has become an iconic symbol of American frontier life, representing the pioneer spirit, exploration, and the challenges of frontier life.

The use of covered wagons declined with the advent of railroads, which offered a faster and more efficient means of transporting goods and people across the country. However, their legacy remains an integral part of American history and folklore.

Odometer

Are we there yet?

An odometer was an instrument used by American pioneers, particularly during the westward expansion in the 19th century, to measure the distance traveled. These devices were vital for journeys along routes like the Old Spanish Trail, as they helped travelers gauge their progress, estimate their arrival times, and manage their resources more effectively.

Wagon odometer – Courtesy LDS Church

The basic principle of the odometer dates back to ancient times, with variations used by the Romans and Chinese. However, the version used on covered wagons was adapted to the needs of the pioneers. It typically involved a mechanism that counted the revolutions of a wagon wheel. Since the wheel’s circumference was known, each revolution corresponded to a specific distance traveled. This count was then converted into miles or another distance unit and displayed.

This simple but effective device was crucial for pioneers who had to navigate vast, often unmarked territories. Knowing how far they had traveled, they could make informed decisions about when to rest, resupply, or seek shelter, especially as they faced the weather, terrain, and other uncertainties of frontier travel.

Borax Wagons

The 20-mule team borax ore wagons used in the late 1800s to transport borax from the mines in Death Valley, California, were quite large and had specific dimensions.

Here are the approximate dimensions for a typical 20-mule team borax ore wagon:

  1. Length: Approximately 30 feet (9 meters)
  2. Width: About 8 feet (2.4 meters)
  3. Height: Around 7 feet (2.1 meters)
  4. Weight: These wagons weighed approximately 7 tons when fully loaded with borax ore.

These massive wagons required a team of 18 mules and two horses to pull them across the harsh desert terrain. They were an iconic part of the borax mining industry in the late 19th century and were crucial in transporting borax to the nearest railroad for distribution.

  1. Two large ore wagons were used to transport the borax ore from the mines in Death Valley to the nearest railroad for shipment. They were massive and could carry a significant amount of borax.
  2. One water tank wagon: There was a specialized tank wagon in addition to the two ore wagons. This wagon carried water for the mules and horses that pulled the wagons. The desert environment of Death Valley was harsh, and providing water for the animals was crucial to their survival during the long and arduous journey.

So, the 20-mule team borax wagons actually consisted of 18 mules and 2 horses pulling two ore wagons and one water tank wagon. These wagons became an iconic symbol of the borax mining industry in the late 19th century.

Borax

20-Mule Teams

Harmony

Shoshone/Tecopa

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The history of the Tecopa and Shoshone area in California is closely tied to the region’s Native American heritage and the later development spurred by mining and tourism. Here’s a brief overview of the history of this area:

  1. Native American Presence: Before European and American settlement, the Tecopa and Shoshone region was inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Southern Paiute people. They had a rich cultural history and lived harmoniously with the desert environment.
  2. Mining Era: In the late 19th century, mining activities brought settlers to the area. Tecopa was named after a Paiute leader and became a mining town. Various minerals, including borax, were mined in the region. Mining operations attracted people looking for economic opportunities.
  3. Shoshone’s Beginnings: Shoshone, known as Metberry Springs, developed as a railroad station and water stop along the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad in the early 20th century. The name was later changed to Shoshone.
  4. Water Resources: The presence of natural springs in the Shoshone area, including the famous Shoshone Springs, played a crucial role in attracting settlers and supporting mining and agricultural activities in the arid desert environment.
  5. Borax and Tourism: Borax mining was a significant industry in the area, and the famous Twenty Mule Team wagons transported borax from the region to the market. The Harmony Borax Works, located nearby, was a key mining operation. Additionally, the unique desert landscapes and proximity to Death Valley National Park began to draw tourists.
  6. Modern-Day Shoshone and Tecopa: Today, Shoshone and Tecopa are small communities that rely on tourism, agriculture, and the natural springs for their economy. They serve as gateways to Death Valley National Park, attracting visitors interested in exploring the desert’s unique beauty, geology, and history.
  7. Cultural and Historical Preservation: Efforts have been made to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of the Tecopa and Shoshone area. The Shoshone Museum, for example, provides insights into the region’s history.

Overall, the history of Tecopa and Shoshone, CA, reflects the area’s development from its Native American roots through mining and the growth of tourism, all while showcasing the rugged beauty of the Mojave Desert and its natural resources.

Rainbow Basin Geology

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Rainbow Basin

Rainbow Basin is a geological formation in the Mojave Desert of California. It is known for its unique and colorful rock formations, which provide valuable insights into the region’s geological history. Here are some key aspects of the geology of Rainbow Basin:

  1. Sedimentary Rocks: Rainbow Basin primarily comprises sedimentary rocks accumulated over millions of years. These rocks include sandstones, shales, and mudstones. The different layers of sedimentary rocks represent different periods of geological history.
  2. Fossilized Marine Life: Within the sedimentary rocks of Rainbow Basin, fossils of marine life from the Miocene epoch (approximately 15-20 million years ago) have been found. These fossils include shells, bones, and other remnants of ancient sea creatures. This suggests that a shallow sea once covered the area.
  3. Faulting and Uplift: The geology of Rainbow Basin has been influenced by tectonic forces. The region is situated near the intersection of several fault lines, including the Garlock Fault. These fault movements have caused the uplift of the rocks, exposing them to erosion and creating the unique landscape seen today.
  4. Erosion and Weathering: Over time, erosion and weathering have shaped the colorful rock formations in Rainbow Basin. These processes have created intricate patterns and exposed layers of colored sediments, giving the area its name.
  5. Geological Time Scale: The rocks at Rainbow Basin span a significant portion of the geological time scale, providing geologists with valuable information about the changing environments and life forms that existed in the area millions of years ago.
  6. Geological Tours: Rainbow Basin is a popular destination for geological enthusiasts and tourists interested in its unique geology. There are guided tours and interpretive exhibits that provide insights into the geological history of the area.
Rainbow Basin photo
Rainbow Basin, Barstow, Ca.

In summary, Rainbow Basin is a geological wonder in the Mojave Desert, characterized by its sedimentary rocks, fossils, faulting, erosion, and vibrant colors. It offers a glimpse into the geological history of California and the forces that have shaped its landscape over millions of years.

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Barstow Railroad History

Barstow, California, has a rich history related to railroads. Here is an overview of the railroad history in Barstow:

Harvey House – Casa Del Desierto
  1. Early Railroad Development: Barstow’s history as a railroad town dates back to the late 19th century when the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) and the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) played significant roles in its development. The AT&SF arrived in Barstow in 1883, and the SP followed shortly after.
  2. Railroad Facilities: Barstow became a strategic location for both railroads due to its position as a junction point. It was a division point on the AT&SF line, meaning it had extensive locomotive maintenance and repair facilities. Additionally, it served as a crew change and refueling station.
  3. Harvey House: The historic Casa del Desierto, also known as the Harvey House, was a prominent feature of the Barstow railroad history. It was a luxurious hotel and restaurant built by the Fred Harvey Company in 1911 to serve passengers traveling on the AT&SF railway. The Harvey House has been beautifully restored and now houses a museum.
  4. Railroad Growth: Barstow continued growing as a railroad town over the years. It had a large rail yard, roundhouse, and various support facilities to handle the extensive railroad traffic passing through the area.
  5. Importance as a Railroad Junction: Barstow’s strategic location made it a crucial junction for freight and passenger trains. It was a hub for transferring goods and passengers between different rail lines, making it a bustling activity center.
  6. Modern Times: While the significance of railroads has declined in recent years, Barstow still maintains its historical ties to the railroad industry. The Barstow Rail Museum and the Harvey House Museum are popular attractions for visitors interested in learning about the town’s railroad history.

Barstow’s history as a railroad town is an integral part of its identity, and the legacy of the railroads can still be seen and appreciated in the town today.

Barstow Area Mining

The history of mining in the Barstow area is closely tied to the extraction of various minerals and resources that played a significant role in the development of Southern California. Here’s a more detailed look at the history of mining in the Barstow area:

  1. Borax Mining: Borax mining was one of the earliest mining activities in the Barstow region. In the late 19th century, borax deposits, a valuable industrial mineral used in various applications, were discovered in the nearby Calico Mountains. The Pacific Coast Borax Company, owned by Francis Marion “Borax” Smith, was instrumental in developing borax mines in the area. This marked the beginning of significant mining operations in the region, with borax being a primary focus.
  2. Calico Mining District: The Calico Mining District, which includes the town of Calico, was a major center of mining activity in the Barstow area. Silver and silver-lead ores were the primary resources mined in this district. At its peak in the late 1800s, Calico had a population of over 3,000 people and was a bustling mining town.
  3. Calico Ghost Town: Calico, often referred to as Calico Ghost Town today, was once a thriving mining town. It featured numerous mines, including the Bismarck, Silver King, and Oriental Mines. Visitors to Calico can explore the well-preserved historic buildings, mines, and artifacts, gaining insight into the region’s mining history.
  4. Railroad Transportation: The expansion of railroads played a crucial role in facilitating the transportation of mined materials from the Barstow area to other parts of California and beyond. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway was a key transportation link for the mining industry, enabling the efficient movement of ores and minerals.
  5. Variety of Minerals: While borax, silver, and silver-lead ores were among the most significant resources mined in the Barstow area, various other minerals were also extracted. These included gypsum, limestone, and barite. These minerals had industrial applications and were important for construction and manufacturing.
  6. Decline of Mining: As the easily accessible mineral deposits were depleted, mining activities in the Barstow area began to decline. Many mines were abandoned, and mining communities saw a decrease in population. The shift in economic focus led to the decline of mining as a major industry in the region.

Today, the mining history of the Barstow area is preserved through places like Calico Ghost Town, museums, and historical sites. These serve as reminders of the pioneering spirit of early miners and the role mining played in shaping the history of Barstow and the surrounding region.

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Legends of Bodie

Bodie Ghost Town is not only known for its well-preserved historical buildings but also for its legends and stories that have contributed to its reputation as a haunted and mysterious place.

Here are some of the legends associated with Bodie:

  1. The Curse of Bodie: One of the most famous legends surrounding Bodie is the supposed curse that befalls anyone who removes items or artifacts from the town. According to the legend, those who take something from Bodie will suffer bad luck until they return the item. As a result, many people who have taken souvenirs from the town have mailed them back, claiming misfortune.
  2. The Ghosts of Bodie: Bodie is often considered one of the most haunted places in California. Visitors and park rangers have reported numerous ghostly sightings and unexplained phenomena. Some claim to have seen apparitions of former residents heard disembodied voices or witnessed strange lights in the windows of abandoned buildings.
  3. The Jinxed Bodie Gold Nugget: Legend states that a large gold nugget was found in Bodie in the late 1800s. The nugget was said to be cursed, and those who possessed it met with misfortune or tragedy. Some believe the nugget was eventually returned to Bodie to lift the curse.
  4. The Murder of Cain and Kenner: Two brothers, Cain and Kenner, were involved in a bitter dispute over a mining claim in Bodie. The feud escalated, leading to the murder of both brothers. It is said that their spirits still haunt the town, and some visitors claim to have heard the sound of gunshots echoing in the distance.
  5. The Lady in White: A popular ghost story involves the “Lady in White,” who is said to roam the streets of Bodie at night. According to the legend, she appears as a woman in a white dress, often near the cemetery. Her identity and the circumstances of her death remain a mystery.
  6. The Bodie Fire Curse: Bodie experienced several destructive fires during its history, including a massive blaze in 1932 that devastated much of the town. Some believe these fires resulted from a curse placed on the town due to its wild and lawless reputation during its heyday.
  7. The Phantom Miner: There have been reports of a phantom miner wandering the hills around Bodie. This spectral figure is often described as a miner with a pickaxe and a lantern, continuing his work in the afterlife.

It’s important to note that these legends are part of the folklore and mystique surrounding Bodie Ghost Town. While they add to the town’s allure, they are not verified historical facts. Nonetheless, they contribute to the intrigue and mystique of Bodie, making it a captivating destination for those interested in history and the supernatural. Visitors can enjoy these stories while exploring the well-preserved remnants of the past in this iconic ghost town.