Limber Pine Trees

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Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is a species of pine tree that is native to western North America, particularly the Rocky Mountains and surrounding areas. It is known for its adaptability to harsh mountainous environments and its distinctive characteristics. Here’s some information about limber pine trees:

Physical Characteristics:

Limber Pine

Limber pine is a slow-growing, long-lived species that can take several hundred years to reach maturity. Mature trees can live over 1000 years old. Although Limber pine stands tend to be even-aged, populations also occur in uneven-aged stands and on very harsh sites as widely spaced, isolated individuals. Most trees grow irregularly or in a multi-stemmed form and rarely reach more than 50 feet (15 meters). In high elevations, they sometimes develop krummholz (stunted, twisted shrubs due to wind exposure). Trunks can reach a diameter of 6.5 feet (2 meters). This species is cold- and drought-tolerant. The trees are ectomycorrhizal, have deep taproots, and are very wind-resistant. Limber pine has thin bark.

The needles of limber pine trees are arranged in bundles of five, and they are flexible, giving the tree its common name, “limber.”

The tree’s bark is often scaly and furrowed, varying in color from gray to reddish-brown.

Cone and Seed Production:

Limber pine trees produce both male and female cones. Female cones are larger and take about two years to mature.

The seeds of limber pine trees are large and winged, and they serve as a crucial food source for various wildlife, including birds, squirrels, and bears.

Limber pine trees have a serotinous cone adaptation, meaning their cones remain closed and require the intense heat of a fire to open and release seeds.
This helps the species regenerate after wildfires.

Adaptation:

Limber pine is well-adapted to high-elevation, cold, and windy mountain environments. It can thrive in poor soils and withstand extreme temperature fluctuations.

These trees have a deep root system that helps them access water and nutrients in rocky and challenging soils.

Conservation:

Limber pine trees are vulnerable to various threats, including mountain pine beetle infestations and white pine blister rust, which is a fungal disease.

Conservation efforts are in place to protect and restore limber pine populations. These efforts include monitoring for disease, maintaining genetic diversity, and conducting controlled burns to promote regeneration.

Ecological Significance:

Limber pine trees play a critical role in mountain ecosystems by providing habitat and food for various wildlife species.

The seeds of limber pine are an essential food source for Clark’s nutcrackers, a type of bird. These birds play a role in seed dispersal, helping to regenerate limber pine populations.

Recreational Use:

Limber pine forests are popular among hikers, campers, and outdoor enthusiasts, as they often grow in scenic mountain environments. These forests provide habitat and shade for recreation.

Limber pine trees are an important and iconic component of the mountain ecosystems in western North America. Their adaptability to challenging environments and their role in providing food and habitat for wildlife make them a valuable part of these ecosystems. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring the continued health and resilience of limber pine populations in the face of various threats, including disease and climate change.

Bill McHaney

Bill McHaney would have been around 73 years old when this photo was taken, and had lived and prospected in the area for over 50 years. Willis Keys noted that he always wore a red or blue bandana, like the one pictured around his neck in this photograph, and would not come out of his cabin without it.

Born in the Midwest, McHaney came to California with the waves of easterners moving west towards the end of the 1870s. Bill and his brother James first arrived in the area in 1879 as members of what local legend says were cattle rustlers who used the area’s isolation to hide stolen cattle until they could be sold. Old timers remember that the higher valleys of the park were covered in tall grass, providing good winter cattle grazing. The McHaneys established a headquarters that included adobe cookhouse, barn and bunkhouse amongst the foothills of what is now the Desert Queen (Keys) Ranch.

McHaney lived and prospected in the area for nearly 60 years. The cabin in the photograph no longer exists, but it is known that William F. (Bill) Keys took over this neighboring homestead when it was abandoned, and likely asked McHaney to stay there to maintain the claim. When McHaney became too ill to take care of himself, the Keys family brought him to their homestead, where he passed in 1937.

Desert Queen Ranch Collection, Willis Keys photo album
https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/jotr/Desert-Peoples/New-Industries/JOTR-40127.html

In 1933, Bill lived in a wickiup in upper Musick Valley, Gold Park, and claimed he had lived there for 35 years. In 1933, his sight was very bad, and shortly before this interview, he had picked up a 10-button rattler, thinking it was a piece of rope. Bill mostly prospected, although at times, he worked for others. He claimed that he and/or his brother first found several of the best early mines.

Notes of an Interview with William H, McHaney
by W, E. Ketcham and W, Egbert Schenck – March 1933
Transcribed by Schenck March 1952

Historic Linguistics

Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the subfield of linguistics that focuses on the study of how languages change over time. It involves the examination and reconstruction of the evolutionary development of languages, as well as the relationships between different languages and language families. Here are some key concepts and topics related to historical linguistics:

Language Change: Languages constantly evolve, with changes occurring in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic features. Historical linguists analyze these changes and attempt to understand the processes behind them.
Sound Change: One of the most common types of language change is sound change, where the pronunciation of words and sounds in a language gradually shifts over time. For example, the English word “knight” was once pronounced with a “k” sound, but that sound has disappeared in modern English.
Comparative Linguistics: Comparative linguistics involves the comparison of languages to identify common origins and relationships. Linguists use the method of the comparative method to reconstruct the common ancestor of related languages, known as a proto-language.
Proto-Languages: A proto-language is a hypothetical, reconstructed language that is believed to be the common ancestor of a group of related languages. For example, Proto-Indo-European is the reconstructed ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
Language Families: Languages are often classified into families based on their historical relationships. The Indo-European, Afroasiatic, and Sino-Tibetan language families are examples of language families that encompass multiple languages with common origins.
Language Evolution: Historical linguists seek to understand the processes that drive language evolution, such as lexical change (the addition and loss of words), grammatical change (changes in word order or verb conjugations), and semantic change (shifts in word meaning).
Etymology: Etymology is the study of the history and origin of words. Historical linguists trace the development of words and their meanings over time, often by examining the historical records and written texts in which these words appear.
Language Contact: Languages can also change through contact with other languages, leading to the borrowing of words, phrases, and even structural features. This is known as language contact or linguistic borrowing.
Language Isoglosses: An isogloss is a geographic boundary that marks the distribution of a particular linguistic feature. Studying isoglosses can provide insights into the history of language change and dialect development.
Language Classification: Historical linguistics is crucial in classifying and organizing languages into language families and subgroups. These classifications help linguists understand the historical connections between languages.

Historical linguistics is an essential field for understanding the rich tapestry of human languages and how they have evolved. It helps us trace the development of languages, reconstruct ancestral languages, and gain insights into the cultural and historical aspects of different language communities.

Joshua Tree National Park Geology

Joshua Tree National Park, located in southeastern California, is known for its unique and stunning geological features. The park’s geology results from a complex history of tectonic activity and erosion. Here are some key aspects of the geology of Joshua Tree National Park:

Rocks and Formations:

The park is primarily composed of two major types of rocks: granites and monzogranites, which are igneous rocks, and Pinto gneiss, which is a metamorphic rock. These rocks provide the foundation for many of the park’s iconic landscapes.

Faults and Tectonic Activity:

The park is situated at the intersection of the San Andreas Fault and the Pinto Mountain Fault. These fault systems have played a significant role in shaping the landscape over millions of years. The motion along these faults has created uplifts, valleys, and rock fractures.

Uplift and Erosion:

The park’s rugged terrain is the result of the gradual uplift of the rock formations, followed by extensive erosion. Over millions of years, water, wind, and temperature fluctuations have sculpted the rocks into unique shapes and formations throughout the park.

Rock Piles and Boulders:

One of the most recognizable features of Joshua Tree National Park is the abundance of massive boulders and rock piles. These rocks have been exposed through erosion and have unique shapes and textures, making them a popular destination for rock climbers and hikers.

Arch Rock:

Arch Rock is a famous natural arch formation in the park, which erosional forces have created. It’s a popular spot for visitors and photographers.

Wonderland of Rocks:

The Wonderland of Rocks is an area within the park characterized by a maze of large rock formations. It’s a fantastic place for rock climbing and hiking, with numerous granite formations that the elements have sculpted.

Desert Landscape:

In addition to its distinctive rock formations, Joshua Tree National Park features a diverse desert landscape with unique flora, including the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), which gave the park its name. The park is also home to various cacti, shrubs, and wildlife.

Indian Cove:

Indian Cove is another popular area in the park known for its large boulders and rock formations. It’s a favorite spot for rock climbers and offers a unique camping experience.

Visitors to Joshua Tree National Park can explore its geology through hiking, rock climbing, and scenic drives. The park’s fascinating geological features and stunning desert landscapes make it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts and geology enthusiasts alike.

Chukar

Chukars (Alectoris chukar) were introduced to the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States in the mid-20th century. These introductions were part of efforts to establish populations of chukars for hunting and recreational purposes in the arid regions of the United States. Chukars were brought to the Mojave Desert and other arid areas in the western United States as game birds to provide opportunities for hunters.

The specific dates of these introductions can vary by location, but chukars were likely introduced to the Mojave Desert in the 1940s and 1950s. The birds adapted well to the desert environment and have since established populations in parts of the Mojave Desert, making them a popular game bird for hunting in the region. However, it’s worth noting that their introduction has led to both positive and negative ecological impacts, and they are a subject of interest and concern in terms of their effects on native flora and fauna.

The chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a bird species that belongs to the partridge family and is native to the rocky and hilly regions of South Asia and parts of the Middle East. Chukars have been introduced to various other regions for hunting and have established populations in some parts of the world. Here are some key characteristics and information about chukars:

Physical Description: Chukars are medium-sized game birds with a plump body and relatively short legs. They have distinctive markings, including a barred pattern on their flanks and a black line running from their beak, through the eye, and down the side of the neck. Males and females are similar in appearance, but males tend to have slightly brighter and more vibrant colors.
Range: Chukars are native to various habitats across South Asia, including countries like Pakistan, India, Nepal, and parts of the Middle East, including Iran and Turkey. They have also been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, New Zealand, and some European countries, as game birds.
Habitat: Chukars prefer arid and rocky habitats like desert canyons, hillsides, and semi-arid landscapes. They are well adapted to living in rugged terrain and can be found at various elevations, from low deserts to high mountains.
Behavior: Chukars are social birds and often gather in coveys, which are groups of individuals. They feed on a variety of seeds, plants, and small insects. Their call is distinctive and sounds like “chukar-chukar-chukar,” which is how they got their common name.
Reproduction: Chukars typically nest in rocky crevices or depressions on the ground. The female incubates the eggs, and the chicks are precocial, meaning they can leave the nest shortly after hatching. Chukar chicks can feed themselves and are raised by the female until they are old enough to fly.
Conservation: Chukars are not considered globally threatened, and their populations are stable in their native range. However, in regions where they have been introduced as game birds, they are subject to hunting regulations to ensure sustainable populations.
Game Birds: Chukars are popular game birds, and they are commonly hunted for sport and their meat. They are often released for hunting purposes in many parts of the world.

Chukars are known for their adaptability to arid and rocky environments and are appreciated by hunters for their challenging behavior and flight patterns. They have become established in various regions due to their introduction to recreational hunting.

Gambel’s Quail

https://digital-desert.com/wildlife/gambels-quail.html

Gambel’s quail (Callipepla gambelii) is a species of New World quail that is native to the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico. They are named after William Gambel, a 19th-century naturalist who documented various species of North American birds.

Here are some key characteristics and information about Gambel’s quail:

Physical Description: Gambel’s quail are medium-sized birds with a plump, rounded body. They have a distinctive appearance with a prominent topknot or plume on their head, which consists of a black feather with white edges. Males and females look similar, but males are slightly larger and more colorful.
Range: These quail are primarily found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States, including parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and California, as well as northern Mexico.
Habitat: They inhabit various desert and semi-desert environments, including shrublands, scrubby areas, and open woodlands. Gambel’s quail is particularly adapted to arid regions and can often be found in areas with brushy cover.
Behavior: These birds are known for their distinctive “ka-KAA” call, which is often heard in the early morning and late evening. They are generally ground-dwelling birds and spend most of their time foraging for seeds, leaves, and insects on the ground. They are social birds and often gather in family groups or coveys, especially during the non-breeding season.
Reproduction: Gambel’s quail breed during the spring and early summer. Nests are typically placed on the ground and are well-hidden. The female incubates the eggs and cares for the chicks after hatching. The chicks are precocial and can leave the nest shortly after hatching.
Conservation: Gambel’s quail populations are generally stable, and they are not considered to be at risk. They have adapted well to human-altered landscapes in some areas and can even be seen in suburban environments.
Game Birds: Gambel’s quail are often hunted for sport and are considered game birds in the regions where they are found. Hunting seasons and regulations are in place to ensure the sustainability of the population.

Gambel’s quail are iconic birds of the American Southwest, and their distinctive appearance and calls make them a popular sight for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts in their native habitat.

Barstow, California

https://digital-desert.com/barstow-ca/

Early Inhabitants: The Barstow area was originally inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Mojave people, for centuries before European settlers arrived.
Railroad History: Barstow’s modern history began with the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad in the late 19th century. The railroad played a significant role in the city’s development, as it was a vital stop on the transcontinental rail line, connecting the eastern United States to the West Coast.
Water Stop and Rail Depot: Barstow served as an important water stop for steam locomotives, providing a place for trains to refill their water tanks in the desert. The city also became a key rail depot and maintenance facility.
Name Change: Originally known as Waterman Junction, the city’s name was changed to Barstow in 1886 in honor of William Barstow Strong, a president of the Santa Fe Railroad.
Route 66: In the early 20th century, Barstow became an integral part of the iconic Route 66, the “Main Street of America,” connecting Chicago to Los Angeles. The city thrived as a popular stopping point for travelers on this historic route.
Military Presence: During World War II, Barstow’s population grew due to the establishment of the Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow and the nearby Fort Irwin National Training Center, which continue to play significant roles in the local economy.
Modern Times: Barstow remains a transportation center today, situated at the junction of Interstates 15 and 40. It continues to serve as a rest stop for travelers and a transportation and logistics hub for goods moving across the country.
Historical Landmarks: The city has preserved its historical heritage, with several landmarks and museums, including the Route 66 Mother Road Museum and the Western America Railroad Museum, showcasing its rich transportation history.

Barstow’s history is deeply intertwined with the development of transportation networks, from the railroad to Route 66 and modern interstate highways. Today, it remains an essential point of access and commerce for those traveling through the Mojave Desert in Southern California.

Beavertail Cactus

https://mojavedesert.net/cactus/beavertail.html

The beavertail cactus, scientifically known as Opuntia basilaris, is a species of prickly pear cactus native to the southwestern United States and parts of northern Mexico. It gets its common name from the shape of its pads, which resemble the broad, flattened tail of a beaver. This cactus is known for its distinctive, bluish-gray, oval or paddle-shaped stems, which are typically covered in tiny, hair-like spines and glochids, which are small, hair-like prickles that can irritate the skin upon contact.

Beavertail cacti produce colorful flowers in shades of pink, magenta, or purple. These flowers often appear at the edges of the pads in the spring and early summer. The fruits of this cactus are edible and are usually red or purple when ripe.

Beavertail cacti are adapted to arid and desert environments and are well-suited to the harsh conditions of their natural habitat. They are drought-tolerant and can store water in their stems to survive periods of water scarcity. These cacti play a role in providing food and habitat for wildlife in their native regions.

In landscaping and gardening, beavertail cacti are often cultivated for their ornamental value, as their unique appearance and vibrant flowers make them attractive additions to xeriscape gardens or desert-themed landscapes. However, it’s essential to handle them with care due to their spines and glochids, which can cause skin irritation.

Like other cacti, the beavertail cactus prefers well-draining soil and requires minimal watering once established. It is important to be mindful of local regulations when collecting or cultivating beavertail cacti, as they are protected in some areas due to their ecological importance and vulnerability to overharvesting.

Mojave or Mohave?

IS WORD “MOJAVE”: J OR H?

Much confusion and argument have arisen from the two spellings of the word “Mojave.” A ruling of the Geographical Board in Washington, D.C., however, a few years ago simplified the problem somewhat. If you are in California, the name of the river, the city, and the desert should be spelled with a “j”: Mojave. If, on the other hand, you happen to be in Arizona, then you must spell the name of the county and the Indian tribe with an “h”: Mohave.

Dr. A.L. Kroeber of the University of California, a noted anthropologist, claims that only the “h” spelling should exist since the word is an Indian one, not Spanish, and was only transliterated by the early Spanish, who gave all “h” sounds a spelling of “j.” The very same problem arose with the greatest Indian tribe of Northern Arizona: should it be Navaho or Navajo?

The word Mojave (or Mohave) itself is of Indian origin and is that tribe’s name for “three mountains,” referring to three distinctive landmarks near the present city of Needles, whose name also refers to this geological oddity.

from; Desert Rat Scrapbook
Published by Harry Oliver
Fort Commander, Publisher, Distributor, Lamp Lighter, Editor, Artist, Gardener, Janitor, Owner
A paper that grows on you as you as you turn each page . . . excepting page 5

Pictures are by the author, many of them are woodcuts.

“I Did All but the Spelling.”

Cultural Mojave

The Mojave Desert, located in the southwestern United States, is not only a vast expanse of arid land and rugged beauty but also a region rich in cultural heritage. The Cultural Mojave is a term that encompasses the diverse traditions, art forms, and history of the indigenous peoples and settlers who have called this desert home for centuries.

One of the most prominent aspects of the Cultural Mojave is the Native American heritage. The Mojave people, also known as the Pipa Aha Macav, have inhabited the region for thousands of years and have a deep connection to the land. Their traditional way of life, which includes hunting, gathering, and agriculture, reflects their strong bond with nature. Through their storytelling, music, and art, the Mojave people preserve and pass down their cultural traditions from generation to generation.

Artistic expression plays a significant role in the Cultural Mojave. The desert landscape, with its stark beauty and unique features, has inspired numerous artists over the years. From painters capturing the vibrant colors of the desert sunsets to photographers capturing the vastness of the dunes, the art of the Cultural Mojave reflects the awe-inspiring nature of the region.

Another important aspect of the Cultural Mojave is the history of exploration and settlement. The desert has long been a crossroads for travelers, from Native American trade routes to the westward migration of pioneers during the 19th century. The stories of these intrepid explorers and settlers are woven into the region’s fabric, adding depth and complexity to its cultural identity.

In recent years, the Cultural Mojave has gained attention as a center for alternative and sustainable living. The desert’s remote location and vast open spaces have attracted individuals and communities seeking a simpler and more environmentally conscious way of life. From off-grid living to eco-friendly architecture, the Cultural Mojave is a hub for innovative ideas and practices that promote harmony with the natural world.

It is the spirit of the human spirit that constitutes the Cultural Mojave. It is a place where ancient traditions merge with modern innovations, creating an extraordinary and vibrant cultural tapestry. Whether it’s exploring ancient petroglyphs, attending traditional ceremonies, or simply marveling at the breathtaking landscape, the Cultural Mojave offers a multitude of experiences that celebrate the rich heritage of this extraordinary desert region.